DataReader vs DataSet

DataReader
       I.            DatReader works on a Connection oriented architecture.
    II.            DataReader is read only, forward only. It reads one record at atime. After DataReader finishes reading the current record, it moves to the next record. There is no way you can go back to the previous record. So using a DataReader you read in forward direction only.
 III.            Updations are not possible with DataReader.
IV.            As DataReader is read only, forward only it is much faster than a DataSet.

DataSet
       I.            DataSet works on disconnected architecture.
    II.            Using a DataSet you can move in both directions. DataSet is bi directional.
 III.            Database can be updated from a DataSet.
IV.            DataSet is slower than DataReader.

What is FII?

A: FII (Foreign Institutional Investor) used to denote an investor, mostly in the form of an institution. An institution established outside India, which proposes to invest in Indian market, in other words buying Indian stocks. FII's generally buy in large volumes which has an impact on the stock markets. Institutional Investors includes pension funds, mutual funds, Insurance Companies, Banks, etc.

What is PLR?

A: The Prime Interest Rate is the interest rate charged by banks to their most creditworthy customers (usually the most prominent and stable business customers). The rate is almost always the same amongst major banks. Adjustments to the prime rate are made by banks at the same time; although, the prime rate does not adjust on any regular basis. The Prime Rate is usually adjusted at the same time and in correlation to the adjustments of the Fed Funds Rate. The rates reported below are based upon the prime rates on the first day of each respective month. Some banks use the name "Reference Rate" or "Base Lending Rate" to refer to their Prime Lending Rate.

What is Deflation?

A: Deflation is the continuous decrease in prices of goods and services. Deflation occurs when the inflation rate becomes negative (below zero) and stays there for a longer period.

What is Inflation?

A: Inflation is as an increase in the price of bunch of Goods and services that projects the Indian economy. An increase in inflation figures occurs when there is an increase in the average level of prices in Goods and services. Inflation happens when there are fewer Goods and more buyers; this will result in increase in the price of Goods, since there is more demand and less supply of the goods.

What is Inflation?

A: Inflation is as an increase in the price of bunch of Goods and services that projects the Indian economy. An increase in inflation figures occurs when there is an increase in the average level of prices in Goods and services. Inflation happens when there are fewer Goods and more buyers; this will result in increase in the price of Goods, since there is more demand and less supply of the goods.

What is Bank Rate?

A: Bank rate, also referred to as the discount rate, is the rate of interest which a central bank charges on the loans and advances that it extends to commercial banks and other financial intermediaries. Changes in the bank rate are often used by central banks to control the money supply.

What is a Repo Rate?

A: Repo rate is the rate at which our banks borrow rupees from RBI. Whenever the banks have any shortage of funds they can borrow it from RBI. A reduction in the repo rate will help banks to get money at a cheaper rate. When the repo rate increases, borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive.

What is SLR Rate?

A: SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio) is the amount a commercial bank needs to maintain in the form of cash, or gold or govt. approved securities (Bonds) before providing credit to its customers.
SLR rate is determined and maintained by the RBI (Reserve Bank of India) in order to control the expansion of bank credit. SLR is determined as the percentage of total demand and percentage of time liabilities. Time Liabilities are the liabilities a commercial bank liable to pay to the customers on their anytime demand. SLR is used to control inflation and propel growth. Through SLR rate tuning the money supply in the system can be controlled efficiently.

What is CRR Rate?

A: Cash reserve Ratio (CRR) is the amount of funds that the banks have to keep with RBI. If RBI decides to increase the percent of this, the available amount with the banks comes down. RBI is using this method (increase of CRR rate), to drain out the excessive money from the banks.

What is Reverse Repo Rate?

A: Reverse Repo rate is the rate at which Reserve Bank of India (RBI) borrows money from banks. RBI uses this tool when it feels there is too much money floating in the banking system. Banks are always happy to lend money to RBI since their money is in safe hands with a good interest. An increase in Reverse repo rate can cause the banks to transfer more funds to RBI due to this attractive interest rates.

What is a Repo Rate?

A: Repo rate is the rate at which our banks borrow rupees from RBI. Whenever the banks have any shortage of funds they can borrow it from RBI. A reduction in the repo rate will help banks to get money at a cheaper rate. When the repo rate increases, borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive.

classes of IP address


Q. 1  Explain the classes of IP address

Answer: IP addresses are organized into classes. For convenience of humans, IP addresses are expressed in the decimal format. Every number in each class is represented as binary to computers.
The four numbers in an IP address are known as ‘octets’. Each of them has eight bit positions. The octets are divided into two sections: Net and Host. The first octet represents Net for identifying the network and the Host contains the last octet. There are five IP classes.
Class A: The class A is used for very large networks. There are 1 to 126 are part of this class. That means there are 126 Class A networks. Class A networks accounts for half of the total available IP addresses.
Class B: It is used for medium size networks. The IP address with a first octet from 128 to 191 is part of this class. Class B networks have a first bit value of 1 and a second bit value of 0 in the first octet.
Class C: Class C is used for small to middle size networks. IP address with a first octet starts from 192-223. Class C networks have a first bit value of 1, second bit value of 1 and a third bit value of 0 in the first octet.
Class D: It has first, second and third bit value as 1 and the fourth bit as 0. The other 28 bits are used for identifying the group of computers which is intended for multicast messages.
Class E: Class E is used for identification purpose. The four bits value is 1. The other 28 bits are used for identifying the group of computers which is intended for multicast messages.

User Datagram Protocol

Q.  What is the User Datagram Protocol (UDP)?

Answer: User datagram protocol allows computer applications to send messages as datagram packets from source to destination on an Internet Protocol, with out using prior communications for setting up special transmission paths. An unreliable service is provided by UDP which makes the datagram packets may arrive irrespective of order. UDP is a better solution for time-sensitive applications due to the reason ‘dropping packets is preferable to use delayed packets’. Its stateless nature makes the server to answer smaller queries to huge number of clients.

Working of RSVP

Q. Explain RSVP. How does it work?

Answer: Resource Reservation protocol is used to reserve resources across a network. It is used for requesting a specific Quality of Service (QoS) from the network. This is done by carrying the request (that needs a reservation of the resource) of the host throughout the network. It visits each node in the network. RSVP used two local modules for reservation of resources. Admission control module confirms if there are sufficient available resources while policy module checks for the permission of making a reservation. RSVP offers scalability. On a successful completion of both checks RSVP uses the packet classifier and packet scheduler for the desired Qos requested.

IP Spoofing

Q. What is IP Spoofing and how can it be prevented?

Answer:IP spoofing is a mechanism used by attackers to gain unauthorized access to a system. Here, the intruder sends messages to a computer with an IP address indicating that the message is coming from a trusted host. This is done by forging the header so it contains a different address and make it appear that the packet was sent by a different machine.
Prevention:-
Packet filtering: - to allow packets with recognized formats to enter the network
Using special routers and firewalls.
Encrypting the session 

What are switches?

Q. What are switches? Explain the concepts of Layer-3 switches.

Answer: It is a device that connects multiple network segments.
A switch analyzes the MAC address and then determines where to send the data.
So a file addressed to a computer reaches only that computer through the use of a switch.
The term ‘switch’ commonly refers to a Network bridge that processes and routes data at the Data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model.
Switches that additionally process data at the Network Layer are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or Multilayer switches. 

Intranet vs Internet

What's the difference Between an Intranet and the Internet?

Answer: There's one major distinction between an intranet and the Internet: The Internet is an open, public space, while an intranet is designed to be a private space. An intranet may be accessible from the Internet, but as a rule it's protected by a password and accessible only to employees or other authorized users.

From within a company, an intranet server may respond much more quickly than a typical Web site. This is because the public Internet is at the mercy of traffic spikes, server breakdowns and other problems that may slow the network. Within a company, however, users have much more bandwidth and network hardware may be more reliable. This makes it easier to serve high-bandwidth content, such as audio and video, over an intranet.